Swamps of Belarus

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Swamp in Białowieża Forest, on the Polish-Belarusian border

Swamps, marshes, mires, bogs, and fens (all usually called "балота" (balota) in Belarusian) are important parts of the natural landscape in Belarus. The country was historically covered by vast swamplands, and currently there are around 2.5 million hectares of wetlands in Belarus. Notable swamp regions are Pinsk Marshes and Olmany swamps in Polesia and Yelnya Swamp in Vitebsk region.

Names[edit]

Swamps, marshes, mires, bogs, and fens are all usually called "Балота" (balota) in Belarusian,[1] though many more names exist for swampy terrain: Багна, Дрыгва, Гiжня, etc.[2]

Current situation[edit]

Swamps in Belarus in 1958 and 2000

In the early 20th century, almost 40% of the territory, 8 million hectares, were wetlands, around 2.56[3] to 2.94[4] million hectares were swamps and marshes (more than 12% of Belarus' territory). Today, about 4% of the territory are swamps, 863 thousands hectares.[3] Over half of Belarus' swamps were drained for agricultural and forestry purposes between the 1960s-1970s, leading to loss of biodiversity, increased droughts and frosts, and depleted groundwater levels in some areas. However, there are now efforts underway to revive and rewet drained peatlands in order to restore their ecological functions.[5][6][7][3]

There are 9192 swamps in Belarus.[3] Low type peat deposit area is 81.6% (2,103.800 ha), transitional area is 3.4% (106.200 ha), and high one is 15.0% (333.700 ha).[4] Yelnya Swamp, one of the oldest swamps, was formed 12821 – 13114 years ago.[8]

History of melioration[edit]

Peat mining near Rudzensk

The draining of wetlands in Belarus has a long history, going back to the Western Swamp Drainage Reclamation Expedition (1872–1902) (Russian: Западная экспедиция по осушению болот) under the direction of General Iosif Zhilinsky [ru]. This massive project constructed thousands of kilometers of drainage canals throughout Polesia, converting swamps into meadows, arable land, and timber transport waterways. While innovative for its time, it disrupted the natural hydrology of the region. Around 410,000 hectares of swamps were drained.[9]

In 1911, the Minsk Swamp Experimental Station (Russian: Минская болотная опытная станция) was opened, with its first director being botanist Alexander Flerov (1872–1960). It started research on the Kamarouskae swamp [be] in Minsk. By the late 1920s, this swamp covering 218 hectares had been completely drained after works began in 1925. In 1930, the station became the All-Union Research Institute of Soil Science and Melioration, with a goal of systematically studying the wetlands of the Soviet Union.[5]

Belarus has one of the largest deposits of peat in the world. Peat is mined industrially since 1896, and in Soviet times it was the main fuel for power plants.[10]

Large-scale swamp draining efforts were revived in the Soviet era during the 1960s-1970s, with over 50% of Belarus' wetlands being drained, primarily for agriculture and peat mining. Though increasing production in the short term, severe disruption of wetland ecosystems led to soil degradation, groundwater depletion, biodiversity loss, and local climate changes.[7][3]

Reviving the swamps[edit]

Recognizing the important ecological roles that swamps play, including storing carbon, maintaining hydrological cycles, and providing habitat for flora and fauna, Belarus has now made efforts to restore portions of its drained peatlands. This "rewetting" process involves techniques like blocking drainage canals to raise water tables.[6]

International environmental organizations like the UN Development Programme have partnered with the Belarus government to fund and execute restoration projects on over 60,000 hectares of degraded peatlands so far. While still a small fraction of what was lost, these restored swamps aim to revive ecological functions and mitigate impacts like wildfires, greenhouse gas emissions, and biodiversity decline caused by draining.[6][11][12]

Biodiversity[edit]

Belarus' swamps and wetlands host a diverse array of flora and fauna: 267 species of flowering plants and ferns, including 37 woody species, 167 herbaceous species, and 63 species of mosses. The wetlands provide habitat for over 50 valuable medicinal plants, as well as berry plants like cranberry, lingonberry, and bilberry. Rare and threatened species found here include insectivorous plants, sphagnum mosses, cotton grass, and plants listed in the Belarus Red Book. The wetlands are vital for conserving bird populations, sheltering significant portions of European populations of species like the aquatic warbler, black stork, white stork, lesser spotted eagle, and great snipe. Mammal species like elk, raccoon dog, and wolf also depend on these wetlands. Belarus has designated 20 potential territories of international and national importance, covering 2.9% of the country's area, to safeguard this exceptional biodiversity concentrated in fen complexes, bog complexes, river floodplains, forest-floodplain-lake mosaics, fishery ponds, and forests.[4]

In culture[edit]

"Marsh. Polissia", painting by Ivan Shishkin, 1890

Swamps played a big role in Belarusian literature, with many authors writing about "swampy land" or "swampy country", like Yakub Kolas's novella The Morass ("Дрыгва", 1933), Yanka Maur's novella The Robinsons of Palesse [be] ("Палескія рабінзоны", 1930), and Ivan Melezh's novel People on the Marshes [be] ("Людзі на балоце", 1962). Uladzimir Karatkevich's novella King Stakh's Wild Hunt ("Дзікае паляванне Караля Стаха", 1964) is set on a swamp. Swamps are often seen as a symbol of Belarus; swampy lands were the cheapest and their agricultural output was very poor, so the theme of melioration and developing a better land was popular in Soviet times.[13]

List of largest swamps[edit]

Name Native names Photo Status Area (ha) Turf type Coordinates Description
Yelnya Swamp Ельня Republican landscape reserve, Ramsar site[14] 18,794 Raised bog 55°33′N 27°51′E / 55.550°N 27.850°E / 55.550; 27.850 One of the largest raised bogs in Belarus with numerous lakes scattered throughout. Located in Vitebsk Oblast, Miory district.
Olmany swamps Альманскія балоты
Ольманские болота		 Republican landscape reserve, Ramsar site[15] Poddybiche - 48,292; Vilya - 4,741 Raised, transitional, fen 51°47′N 27°21′E / 51.783°N 27.350°E / 51.783; 27.350 The largest complex of raised, transitional and fen bogs in Europe located in Stolin district, Brest region.
Pinsk Marshes
(or Pripet Marshes, Polesie Marshe)		 Прыпяцкія балоты
Припятские болота		 National park, Ramsar site Kandel-Yalovets-Olkhovo - 22,020; Mezhch - 25,326 Transitional 52°09′N 27°00′E / 52.150°N 27.000°E / 52.150; 27.000 Vast complex of transitional and raised bogs in the extensive floodplain of the Pripyat River in Lelchitsy district, Gomel region.
Yukhvichy Swamp Юховичское болото Republican landscape reserve 1,655 Raised bog 56°02′37″N 28°36′39″E / 56.0435°N 28.6108°E / 56.0435; 28.6108 Raised bog overgrown with pine and birch in Rossony district, Vitebsk region.
Sporava Swamp [be] Спораўскае балота
Споровские болота		 Republican biological reserve, Ramsar site[16] Total: 19,384; Peschanka - 2,224; Berestovets - 2,671; Oborovskoye - 6,597 Fen 52°25′N 25°19′E / 52.417°N 25.317°E / 52.417; 25.317 Complex of fen floodplain bogs along the Yaselda River in Brest region. Habitat of globally threatened Aquatic Warbler.
Zvanets Swamp [be] Званец Republican biological reserve, Ramsar site[17] 10,441 Fen 52°02′N 24°52′E / 52.033°N 24.867°E / 52.033; 24.867 One of the largest fen bogs in Europe, habitat for the globally threatened Aquatic Warbler in Drogichin district, Brest region.
Mokh Swamp [be] Мох Republican hydrological reserve 4,298 Transitional 55°37′21″N 27°26′48″E / 55.6226°N 27.4466°E / 55.6226; 27.4466 Regulates water levels of surrounding lakes in Miory district, Vitebsk region. Transition mire with open sections.
Kozyansky Swamps Козьянские болота Republican landscape reserve, Ramsar site[18] Obol - 4,900; Yamilshcha - 2,087 Raised bog 55°27′N 29°21′E / 55.450°N 29.350°E / 55.450; 29.350 Raised bogs with numerous small lakes scattered throughout in Polotsk and Shumilina districts, Vitebsk region.
Domzheritskoye Swamp [ru] Домжерицкое болото National park, Ramsar site 8,995 Raised bog 54°43′27″N 28°22′02″E / 54.7241°N 28.3672°E / 54.7241; 28.3672 Large raised bog in Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve, Lepiel district, Vitebsk region. Up to 6 endangered plant species per m2.
Slobodskoye Swamp Слободское болото National park, Ramsar site 2,565 Raised bog 54°41′44″N 28°36′49″E / 54.6955°N 28.6136°E / 54.6955; 28.6136 Raised bog in Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve, Lepiel district, Vitebsk region. High diversity of endangered plant species.
Osveyskoye Swamp [be] Асвейскае
Освейское		 Republican landscape reserve, Ramsar site[19] 3,357 Raised bog 56°04′N 28°09′E / 56.067°N 28.150°E / 56.067; 28.150 Raised bog adjoining Lake Osveya, the second largest natural lake overgrown with peat in Belarus. In Verhnedvinsk district, Vitebsk region.
Servech Swamp Болото Сервечь Republican hydrological reserve, Ramsar site[20] Servech - 4,542; B. Sitse - 1,607 Raised, fen 54°58′N 27°29′E / 54.967°N 27.483°E / 54.967; 27.483 Wetland complex including Lake Servech and Servech River floodplain. Northernmost habitat of the Aquatic Warbler in Belarus. In Dokshitsy district, Vitebsk region.
Vygonoshchanskoye Swamp [ru] Выганашчанскае балота
Болото Выгонощанское		 Republican landscape reserve, Ramsar site 40,207 Fen 52°41′37″N 25°49′18″E / 52.6935°N 25.8217°E / 52.6935; 25.8217 One of the largest preserved wetlands on the divide between the Black and Baltic Sea basins in Ivatsevichi and Lyakhovichi districts, Brest region.
Marochna Swamp [be] Марочна
Морочно		 Republican wetland reserve, Ramsar site Marochna - 5,969; Marochna-1 - 1,314 Raised bog 51°51′12″N 26°35′31″E / 51.8532°N 26.5919°E / 51.8532; 26.5919 Largest raised bog in western Polesie, important cranberry site and water regulator. In Stolin district, Brest region.
Stary Zhaden Swamp Болото Старый Жаден Republican wetland reserve, Ramsar site[21] Smolyarnya - 3,101; Shchashchits - 3,143 Fen, raised bog 51°54′N 27°36′E / 51.900°N 27.600°E / 51.900; 27.600 Complex of fen and raised bogs in Zhsykavichy and Lelchycy districts, Gomel region.

Continued:

Duleba Swamp [be] Астравы Дулебы
Болото Дулебское		 Republican hydrological reserve, Ramsar site[22] 30,772 Raised bog 53°47′N 29°29′E / 53.783°N 29.483°E / 53.783; 29.483 Raised bogs and old-growth forests, former military site, in Klichaw and Byalynichy districts, Mogilev region.
Zaozerye Swamp Болото Заозерье Republican hydrological reserve, Ramsar site 4,965 Raised bog 53°50′39″N 29°27′21″E / 53.8442°N 29.4557°E / 53.8442; 29.4557 Boreal raised bogs in Byalynichy district, Mogilev region.
Dokudovskoye Swamp [be] Дакудаўскае
Докудовское		 Republican biological reserve 933 Raised bog 53°48′01″N 25°26′53″E / 53.8004°N 25.4481°E / 53.8004; 25.4481 Remnant raised bog in Lida district, Grodno region. Swan Lake in center.
Kotrya Swamp Котрянское болото Republican landscape reserve, Ramsar site 6,138 Fen 53°49′03″N 24°22′01″E / 53.8175°N 24.3670°E / 53.8175; 24.3670 Large forest-bog complex at the headwaters of the Kotra River in Kotra Forest, Shchuchyn district, Grodno region.
Mokhovoye Swamp Болото Моховое National park 983 Raised bog 54°54′28″N 27°05′43″E / 54.9078°N 27.0953°E / 54.9078; 27.0953 Raised bog surrounding Lake Dyagili in Narochansky National Park, Myadel district, Minsk region.
Gaby Swamp [ru] Габы National park 4,397 Raised bog 54°52′02″N 27°19′49″E / 54.8673°N 27.3303°E / 54.8673; 27.3303 Large raised bog with well-developed ridge-hollow complexes in Narochansky National Park, Myadel district, Minsk region.
Lebediny Moh Лебединый Мох Local wetland reserve, Ramsar site 2,584 Transition, raised bog 55°44′05″N 29°03′29″E / 55.7347°N 29.0581°E / 55.7347; 29.0581 Complex of forests, bogs and lakes including Lake Stradan in Polatsk district, Vitebsk region.
Drozhbitka Swamp Болото Дрожбитка Republican wetland reserve, Ramsar site[23] 2,293 Fen 55°35′N 29°23′E / 55.583°N 29.383°E / 55.583; 29.383 Wetland complex including fens, bogs and 14 lakes in Polatsk district, Vitebsk region.
Dikoe Swamp [be] Дзікое
Дикое		 National park, Ramsar site[24] 6,967 Fen 52°47′N 24°14′E / 52.783°N 24.233°E / 52.783; 24.233 One of the three largest undisturbed fen bogs in Polesie region, located in the watersheds of the Yaselda and Narew rivers. Limited cranberry harvesting occurs. In Belavezhskaya Pushcha National Park.
Zhada Swamp [be] Болото Жада Republican wetland reserve 4,555 Forest-mire 55°25′45″N 28°01′00″E / 55.4291°N 28.0168°E / 55.4291; 28.0168 A large forest-mire massif in the upper reaches of the Plavno River. Part of the swamp was previously drained and has become re-wetted. Includes open raised, transitional bogs and forested wetlands. In the central part there are two dystrophic lakes: Ilovo and Strechnо.
Vileity Вилейты Ramsar site[25] 8,452 Fens and transitional mires 55°15′N 26°46′E / 55.250°N 26.767°E / 55.250; 26.767 "a waterlogged forest with a complex of fen and transitional mires, floodplain meadows and marshes, rivers, oxbow lakes and a system of channels overgrown with woods."
Vydrytsa [be] Выдрыца
Выдрица		 Ramsar site[26] 17б403 Forested peatlands 52°44′N 29°40′E / 52.733°N 29.667°E / 52.733; 29.667 "lies on a floodplain between the Berezina and Vydritsa rivers ... is a system of oxbow lakes, forested peatlands, meadows, marshes, swamps and drainage channels"

Source:[27]

Map[edit]

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Major swamps of Belarus

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Kopach, Aleh. "Grammatical way of naming American and Belarusian swamps." SYMBOLAE EUROPAEAE: 49.
  2. ^ "Люди высокой воды: Полесье. Выживание, покорение природы или устойчивый баланс?". bahna.land (in Russian). Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e Груммо, Д.Г.; Козулин, А.В.; Зеленкевич, Н.А.; Созинов, О.В. "Болота Беларуси" (PDF). НАН Беларуси. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  4. ^ a b c Bambalov, N; Kozulin, A; Rakovich, V (2005). "Peatlands in Belarus" (PDF). Stapfia 85, zugleich Kataloge der OÖ. Landesmuseen Neue Serie (35): 221–232. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  5. ^ a b "Зачем осушали полесские болота, и что из этого получилось?". Природа України (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  6. ^ a b c "Как Беларусь использует повторное заболачивание нарушенных торфяников для сохранения уникального биоразнообразия своих болот". UNDP (in Russian). Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  7. ^ a b "Уничтожим болота и настанет "время Великой суши"". bahna.land (in Russian). Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  8. ^ "Болото Ельня оказалось намного старше, чем предполагали ученые". 34travel.me (in Russian). 19 December 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  9. ^ Мееровский, А. С.; Филиппов, В. Н. (5 February 2022). "Западная экспедиция по осушению болот в истории мелиорации Беларуси". Мелиорация (in Russian) (4): 52–57. ISSN 2070-4828. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  10. ^ "Первичный анализ торфяной промышленности Беларуси". bahna.land.
  11. ^ "Экономика восстановленных болот: почему мы инвестировали в реабилитацию болота Жада". UNDP (in Russian). Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  12. ^ "Зачем нам нужно знать о каждом из наших болот?". Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  13. ^ Gapova, Elena (2 January 2017). ""The Land under the White Wings": The Romantic Landscaping of Socialist Belarus". Rethinking Marxism. 29 (1): 173–198. doi:10.1080/08935696.2017.1316104.
  14. ^ "Yelnia | Ramsar Sites Information Service". rsis.ramsar.org. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  15. ^ "Olmany Mires Zakaznik | Ramsar Sites Information Service". rsis.ramsar.org. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  16. ^ "Sporovsky Biological Reserve | Ramsar Sites Information Service". rsis.ramsar.org. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  17. ^ "Zvanets | Ramsar Sites Information Service". rsis.ramsar.org. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  18. ^ "Kozyansky | Ramsar Sites Information Service". rsis.ramsar.org. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  19. ^ "Osveiski | Ramsar Sites Information Service". rsis.ramsar.org. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  20. ^ "Servech | Ramsar Sites Information Service". rsis.ramsar.org. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  21. ^ "Stary Zhaden | Ramsar Sites Information Service". rsis.ramsar.org. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  22. ^ "Duleby Islands-Zaozerye | Ramsar Sites Information Service". rsis.ramsar.org. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  23. ^ "Drozbitka-Svina | Ramsar Sites Information Service". rsis.ramsar.org. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  24. ^ "Dikoe Fen Mire | Ramsar Sites Information Service". rsis.ramsar.org. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  25. ^ "Vileity | Ramsar Sites Information Service". rsis.ramsar.org. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  26. ^ "Vydritsa | Ramsar Sites Information Service". rsis.ramsar.org. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  27. ^ "25 лучших для посещения болот Беларуси". bahna.ngo (in Russian). Retrieved 29 May 2024.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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